Introduction Vestigial organs are remnants of anatomical structures that had a functional role in the organism’s ancestors. Over the course of evolutionary history, these structures have undergone significant changes, often resulting in a reduction or complete loss of their original function. Despite their diminished role, vestigial organs persist in

‘Stroke’, a word describing a string of symptoms, is closely connected with another word ‘palsy’ (paralysis), deriving from an umbrella Greek term ‘apoplexia’ (apoplexy), meaning being struck by a deadly blow. It was used by Hippocrates to describe his patients’ experiences: sudden pain, unresponsiveness and urinating without awareness. Strokes are

There are tens of trillions of cells in our body, occasionally some of them mutate and start to divide uncontrollably, stealing nutrition from normal functional cells. These are cancer cells, and according to the NHS, 50% of us will develop cancer at some point in our lives. Statistics show that

Almost forty years ago, in the summer of 1981, Richard Doll and Richard Peto, epidemiologists working at Oxford University published a major paper in the science journal Nature that took the medical world by storm. Investigating multiple studies and clinical trials involving cancers of the lung as well as heart

IVG, in vitro gametogenesis, is a frequently mentioned topic in the news and dystopian novels such as "The Handmaid's Tale" by Margaret Atwood. But do we truly understand what it is and the potential risks that can be brought to human society? IVG is the recreated

Undoubtedly the most popular cosmetic drug currently on the market, Botox is a trademarked therapeutic widely used to reduce facial wrinkles, but is also used in the treatment of muscle hypersensitivity, migraines and even premature ejaculation. In the USA alone, there were 7.23 million documented Botox procedures in 2017.

Over time, a wide variety of metals have played crucial roles in the construction of buildings and other types of infrastructure. With the constant development of modern day technology and science, the emergence of different kinds of metals such as alloys are ever-evolving, aided by the use of more advanced

The Internet is an ever-growing place that is often referred to as an iceberg of sorts. Above the water is the “surface web,” more commonly known as the Clearnet. This is the part of the Internet that is accessible by search engines. Every website you have visited through Google or

Before we begin, this article may come out to some people as really interesting and the rest, beyond disgusting. So if you read the title and decided it's a good idea to read the article, do so at your own risk. The whole of the article's

Have you ever watched in awe as monkeys effortlessly swing through the trees with grace and agility? The art of tree swinging is a fascinating behavior observed in many species of primates, serving both practical and evolutionary purposes. One of the main reasons why monkeys swing through trees is for

Pancreatic cancer, one of the most lethal diseases with a 5-year survival rate over 12% only, claims the lives of over 450,000 people every year. In this essay, we are going to dive into the origins and ways of treating pancreatic cancer.   Throughout history, the origins of pancreatic cancer

Where does the line get drawn between life and machines? What is the true root of animal intelligence? Is it possible to become immortal? These are questions that are gradually being demystified thanks to the research of Dr. Michael Levin. In this article, I will go over his research, explaining

Ice cream: the sweet treat that we all love. Behind this sweet treat lies a fascinating world that bridges the gap between molecular chemistry and ice cream. There are four main components that go into the making of this treat: Emulsifiers The fat used in the making of ice cream,

Introduction “Why do men have two testes instead of one large one?” This is a question that perhaps most will not have given any thought. I wouldn’t be surprised if many people live their full lives without ever even bringing this question to mind. However, it is a question

1. Introduction Have you ever wondered how wireless communication is achieved? How radio waves are used to transmit data through long distances? In this article, we will go through a brief history of radio technology, how they are invented, how they are used today, and how you might be able

Introduction  Water, as we know, is simply essential for human life to function. The United Nations have even declared that the access to clean water is a fundamental human right. However, even though we may sometimes be deceived into thinking that clean water is largely accessible, especially since that more

As human beings, we have often begun to take for granted our ability to understand and use applied mathematics. It may sometimes be difficult to comprehend how we are capable of understanding our number systems and what they represent (albeit to varying extents) whereas all other species on this planet,

Calculators have been around for centuries, undeniably revolutionising the way math is structured. However, with 21st-century mechanisation, calculators have increased their efficiency, accuracy, and versatility. These improvements have now completely changed the way we use these devices, for the good and for the bad. Nowadays, calculators are able to execute

In this era, you must be living under a rock if you've never heard about AI. AI stands for artificial intelligence, which refers to the ability of computers to perform tasks that would typically require humans. A popular example would be ChatGPT, Stockfish, and Midjourny, just to name

Undoubtedly, twenty-first century medicine has equipped the human body to respond to and defeat some of the most destructive and debilitating diseases. It is therefore a question of how this is the case, and whether science has sacrificed ethics in the process of accelerating the standard of medicine. An example

The 21st century has witnessed a growing level of recognition towards the crucial need to address climate change by primarily reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The vigorous use of fossil fuels for daily industrial processes and regular human activities has resulted in a significant increase of excessive emissions of anthropogenic CO2

A chemical name or structure must be specific to a chemical compound. But what difference does it make if you slightly change that chemical name or structure? It turns out that due to the intricacy of chemical nomenclature, geometric isomerism, optical isomerism, and various carbon chain lengths, two very similar